Electric Motor Market
Electric Motor Market (By Type: AC Motor, DC Motor, Servo Motor, Stepper Motor, Linear Motor; Induction, Synchronous, BLDC; By Power Rating: Fractional (<1 kW), Low (1β10 kW), Medium (10β100 kW), High (100β1000 kW), Ultra-High (>1 MW); By Efficiency Class: IE1, IE2, IE3, IE4, IE5; By Application: Industrial Pumps, Fans & Compressors, Conveyors, CNC Machines, Robotics, HVAC, Automotive; By End-Use Industry: Manufacturing, Oil & Gas, Mining, Water & Wastewater, Marine, Aerospace & Defense) β Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Key Players & Forecast 2026β2035
Global Electric Motor Market Size, Forecast & Strategic Analysis (2026 – 2035)
The Global Electric Motor Market size was estimated at USD 115.4 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 185.7 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2026 to 2035. Growth is underpinned by the ongoing transition across industrial automation, electrification of transport, and rising demand for energy-efficient solutions. The market occupies a central role in the global mechanical and electrical systems value chain, serving as the pivotal link between energy input and mechanical output across applications ranging from manufacturing to consumer mobility. Market significance has intensified due to global decarbonization agendas, regulatory pressures on energy efficiency, and the strategic push toward electrified machinery, making this sector a critical barometer for investors, technology planners, and operational strategists.
Market Overview
The Electric Motor Market functions as a backbone of industrial mechanization, positioning itself at the confluence of energy, automation, and mobility sectors. Its maturity is nuanced; standard induction motors represent well-established industrial staples, while emerging designsβpermanent magnet and synchronous reluctance motorsβsignal disruptive potential. CXOs track this market not solely for volume growth but for its influence on operational efficiency, energy expenditure, and system-level innovation. The market’s position within production ecosystems extends from OEM procurement to aftermarket service networks, defining both upstream supplier leverage and downstream integrator performance. Strategic attention is warranted because adoption patterns, regulatory pressures, and technological evolution directly influence capital allocation, procurement cycles, and long-term operational resilience.
Key Market Drivers & Industrial Demand Dynamics
Industrial electrification remains a primary driver for the Electric Motor Market, with manufacturing plants increasingly replacing legacy pneumatic and hydraulic systems. The cause stems from energy cost constraints and automation objectives; operational impact includes lower lifecycle energy consumption and streamlined maintenance. For buyers, this elevates procurement sophistication, demanding integration capability and predictive maintenance readiness. Suppliers must align production flexibility with evolving performance standards, as switching barriers rise with system-specific customization.
Electric Motor Market
Forecast Period: 2025 - 2035
Source: Vantage Market Research
Electrification of mobility, encompassing electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid industrial vehicles, exerts significant pull. Policy incentives and urban emission regulations cause this shift, translating into sustained demand for high-efficiency motors with thermal resilience. Strategic relevance is profound: OEMs prioritize torque-to-weight optimization, while investors assess technology maturity against regulatory timelines and charging infrastructure expansion.
Emerging energy-efficiency regulations also catalyze market expansion. Minimum efficiency performance standards (MEPS) and international directives compel industrial users to transition to motors with higher efficiency ratings. Cause – effect dynamics materialize in procurement cycles extending toward lifecycle cost considerations rather than upfront price alone. Suppliers capturing compliance-certified production command superior pricing power, while buyers face reduced substitution risk.
Sector-specific industrial cycles further influence Electric Motor demand. Capital-intensive industries like chemicals, metals, and material handling maintain steady motor replacement cycles, whereas cyclical sectors such as automotive and construction introduce variability. For investors, understanding these demand rhythms is critical for capacity planning and pricing strategy formulation.
Finally, supply chain integration and modular motor design have become differentiators. Standardized components reduce time-to-market, while application-specific adaptations reinforce buyer retention. This translates into operational impact via reduced downtime and enhanced system interoperability, positioning motor suppliers as strategic partners rather than commoditized vendors.
Segmentation Analysis
By Type
The Electric Motor Market is structurally segmented into induction, synchronous, permanent magnet, brushless DC (BLDC), and servo motors. Induction motors account for the largest share, primarily due to proven reliability and broad industrial applicability. Permanent magnet motors, though costlier, are sustained by high-efficiency mandates and compact design requirements, particularly in mobility applications. BLDC motors experience cyclical adoption patterns in precision-driven industries, where torque control and low maintenance are paramount. Servo motors cater to robotics and automation lines, with demand closely tied to production sophistication. Switching between segments remains limited due to specialized design tolerances and integration complexity, sustaining supplier margins for high-value configurations.
By Application
Electric motors are deployed across manufacturing, transportation, construction, HVAC, consumer appliances, and industrial automation. Manufacturing applications dominate, given continuous demand for process reliability and energy optimization. Transportation, particularly electric vehicles and automated guided vehicles, represents a high-growth segment influenced by policy interventions and urban mobility trends. HVAC and appliances provide steady, volume-driven demand with moderate margins, while construction applications remain cyclical but offer premium for ruggedized, durable motors. Suppliers strategically allocate production capacity to balance volume stability with margin optimization across these applications.
By End User
End users include OEMs, industrial integrators, infrastructure developers, and aftermarket service providers. OEMs drive initial demand, emphasizing efficiency, integration, and compliance standards. Industrial integrators prioritize modularity and interoperability, reducing operational friction during assembly or retrofitting. Infrastructure developers utilize motors in high-capacity projects such as transit systems and utilities, often requiring custom engineering solutions with extended procurement cycles. Aftermarket services maintain demand stability, as replacement cycles are regulated by operational wear and industry-specific maintenance protocols. Buyer preferences favor suppliers capable of providing end-to-end technical support, creating strategic lock-in.
By Technology / Configuration
Technological segmentation encompasses AC versus DC motors, high-efficiency variants, and advanced design features such as variable frequency drives (VFD) and digital monitoring. AC motors retain dominance due to versatility and low acquisition costs. DC motors, including brushless variants, offer precision control, particularly in EVs and automation robotics. Adoption is moderated by integration complexity and upfront capital expenditure, but efficiency gains drive long-term operating cost reductions. Suppliers offering integrated smart motor solutions with predictive maintenance analytics occupy strategic advantage positions, enhancing switching friction.
By Deployment Model / Installation Type
Deployment segmentation differentiates between standalone motors, integrated drive systems, and modular plug-and-play units. Standalone motors are prevalent in traditional industrial setups, while integrated systems increasingly dominate automated lines where space and synchronization are critical. Modular configurations support rapid deployment in retrofit projects or flexible manufacturing cells. Strategic implications for investors and suppliers revolve around value-added engineering services and lifecycle support agreements, which extend revenue visibility beyond initial equipment sales.
By Capacity / Size / Grade
Capacity-based segmentation includes fractional horsepower, standard industrial range, and high-capacity industrial motors. Fractional horsepower motors are largely cost-driven and deployed in consumer appliances, contributing over one-third of demand by volume. Standard industrial motors cater to mid-range manufacturing and automation, balancing unit margins with procurement predictability. High-capacity motors are specialized, commanding premium pricing due to complex engineering requirements and long replacement cycles. Supplier strategy is guided by balancing high-volume, lower-margin segments with specialized, high-margin deployments.
Strategic Market Snapshot
The Electric Motor Market exhibits moderate maturity with pockets of disruption. Pricing power varies by segment, with high-efficiency and specialty configurations commanding premiums. Demand stability is reinforced in manufacturing and infrastructure, while transportation and construction introduce cyclical exposure. Buyer power is concentrated among OEMs and integrators who influence specification standards, whereas suppliers with proprietary technology or compliance-certified products maintain strong leverage.
Value Chain, Cost Structure & Procurement Intelligence
Raw material sensitivity, particularly to copper, steel, and rare-earth magnets, directly impacts production economics. Energy costs influence manufacturing scalability and margin sustainability. Procurement cycles are typically multi-year for OEMs and infrastructure projects, while integrators may operate on shorter, project-based tenures. Switching friction arises from integration complexity, proprietary designs, and compliance certification, establishing critical supplier relationship breakpoints that define long-term contractual dependencies.
Market Restraints & Regulatory Challenges
Margin compression is a persistent concern due to commodity price volatility and capital-intensive production. Compliance burdens, including global efficiency standards and safety certifications, add operational overhead. Operational risks encompass supply chain disruptions, material shortages, and technological obsolescence. Strategic consequences include delayed deployment, increased procurement costs, and a heightened focus on supplier risk management, underscoring the need for proactive regulatory intelligence and strategic sourcing.
Market Opportunities & Outlook (2026 – 2035)
Opportunities are concentrated in high-efficiency motors for mobility and automation, integration of digital monitoring, and expansion into retrofit applications. Qualitative CAGR logic reflects continued energy policy alignment, infrastructure investment, and industrial modernization. Region – application linkages highlight Asia Pacific’s dominance in manufacturing and mobility electrification, while North America and Europe prioritize energy compliance and automation. Volume versus margin trade-offs necessitate portfolio strategies that balance mass-market adoption with high-margin, specialized deployments.
Regional & Country-Level Strategic Insights
Asia Pacific accounted for the largest share of the Electric Motor Market in 2025, driven by industrial concentration and rapid electrification in transport. North America remains strategic for high-efficiency and digitally monitored motors, while Europe focuses on regulatory-aligned applications. Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa exhibit opportunistic adoption in infrastructure and energy projects. Country-level dynamics are relevant primarily for regulatory alignment, manufacturing scale, and logistics optimization.
Technology, Innovation & Derivative Trends
Efficiency enhancements, reduction in energy losses, and compliance with emission standards dominate innovation priorities. Specialty motor configurations, including high-torque compact designs and integrated smart drives, expand downstream linkages into robotics, EVs, and industrial automation. Digital monitoring and predictive maintenance integration extend product life and reduce operational risk, reinforcing supplier differentiation and reducing substitution pressure.
Competitive Landscape Overview
Market structure is moderately fragmented with consolidation evident in high-capital and high-technology segments. Competition centers on technological differentiation, compliance adherence, and integration capability. Suppliers with proprietary designs or advanced digital monitoring tools occupy premium positioning, while standardized motor producers compete on cost efficiency and operational reliability. Strategic positioning for investors involves monitoring innovation pipelines and contractual alignment with large-scale industrial and mobility projects.
Key Players
-
Siemens AG
-
ABB Group
-
Nidec Corporation
-
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
-
WEG Industries
-
Regal Rexnord Corporation
-
Johnson Electric
-
Yaskawa Electric Corporation
-
Maxon Group
-
TMEIC Corporation
-
Baldor Electric Company
-
Franklin Electric
-
Eaton Corporation
-
ElectroCraft
-
Pelonis Technologies
Recent Developments
InΒ―2026, JSWΒ―MGΒ―Motor, a joint venture between SAICΒ―Motor and JSWΒ―Group, announced a substantial investment of USDΒ―330Β―million 440Β―million to expand manufacturing capacity and launch 3 – 4 new hybrid and electric vehicle models, indicating deeper integration of electric motor systems in automotive production and a strategic shift toward localized sourcing to reduce cost pressures.
InΒ―2025, the FormulaΒ―E Gen4 electric racing platform was unveiled with new all-wheel-drive electric motors designed to set performance and sustainability benchmarks for high-power electric propulsion, potentially influencing competitive electric motor architectures beyond motorsport into mainstream high-performance applications.
In NovemberΒ―2025, Honda debuted its WN7 electric motorcycle platform at EICMAΒ―2025, featuring a newly developed liquid-cooled electric motor with integrated inverter and fast-charging capability, signalling broader adoption of advanced motor systems in two-wheeler electrification.
In 2025, advanced electric motor solutions, including magnet-free architectures and ultra-high efficiency prototypes with 750Β―kW peak performance, were announced by British manufacturers pursuing compact, high-density designs, foreshadowing shifts in EV traction motor performance benchmarks and supply chain diversification away from rare-earth dependency.
In 2025, modular e-powertrain systems integrating electric motor, inverter, and control software were introduced by major OEM suppliers, emphasising weight reduction and thermal efficiency improvements, which are likely to alter component sourcing models and accelerate integrated drivetrain adoption across vehicle segments.
In 2025, European electric motor producers unveiled second-generation magnet-free motors tailored for heavy-duty commercial vehicles, highlighting competitive moves toward sustainable motor design and reduced reliance on traditional rare-earth magnet supply chains.
Methodology & Data Credibility
The report is grounded in bottom-up modeling of production capacity, installed base, and replacement cycles. Demand and supply validation is derived from executive interviews with procurement heads, plant managers, and technology strategists. Cross-region triangulation ensures coherence between Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Quantitative and qualitative insights have been stress-tested against macroeconomic, regulatory, and industrial cycles to ensure actionable accuracy.
Who Should Read This Report
This intelligence serves CXOs seeking capital allocation guidance, strategy teams evaluating technology investments, investors assessing market entry or expansion, consultants advising industrial and mobility clients, and product teams designing or integrating electric motor solutions. Its strategic depth enables decision-making that balances operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and growth opportunity identification.
What This Report Delivers
The report delivers proprietary insight into market sizing, segmentation, and regional dynamics, alongside scenario-driven strategic recommendations. Use cases include portfolio allocation, supplier evaluation, procurement planning, and operational optimization. Intelligence depth ensures readers can assess cause – effect relationships across demand drivers, regulatory shifts, and technology evolution without reliance on external sources.
Global Electric Motor Market Size, Forecast & Strategic Analysis (2026 – 2035)
The Global Electric Motor Market size was estimated at USD 115.4 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 185.7 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2026 to 2035. Growth is underpinned by the ongoing transition across industrial automation, electrification of transport, and rising demand for energy-efficient solutions. The market occupies a central role in the global mechanical and electrical systems value chain, serving as the pivotal link between energy input and mechanical output across applications ranging from manufacturing to consumer mobility. Market significance has intensified due to global decarbonization agendas, regulatory pressures on energy efficiency, and the strategic push toward electrified machinery, making this sector a critical barometer for investors, technology planners, and operational strategists.
Market Overview
The Electric Motor Market functions as a backbone of industrial mechanization, positioning itself at the confluence of energy, automation, and mobility sectors. It’s maturity is nuanced; standard induction motors represent well-established industrial staples, while emerging designsβpermanent magnet and synchronous reluctance motorsβsignal disruptive potential. CXOs track this market not solely for volume growth but for it’s influence on operational efficiency, energy expenditure, and system-level innovation. The market’s position within production ecosystems extends from OEM procurement to aftermarket service networks, defining both upstream supplier leverage and downstream integrator performance. Strategic attention is warranted because adoption patterns, regulatory pressures, and technological evolution directly influence capital allocation, procurement cycles, and long-term operational resilience.
Key Market Drivers & Industrial Demand Dynamics
Industrial electrification remains a primary driver for the Electric Motor Market, with manufacturing plants increasingly replacing legacy pneumatic and hydraulic systems. The cause stems from energy cost constraints and automation objectives; operational impact includes lower lifecycle energy consumption and streamlined maintenance. For buyers, this elevates procurement sophistication, demanding integration capability and predictive maintenance readiness. Suppliers must align production flexibility with evolving performance standards, as switching barriers rise with system-specific customization.
Electrification of mobility, encompassing electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid industrial vehicles, exerts significant pull. Policy incentives and urban emission regulations cause this shift, translating into sustained demand for high-efficiency motors with thermal resilience. Strategic relevance is profound: OEMs prioritize torque-to-weight optimization, while investors assess technology maturity against regulatory timelines and charging infrastructure expansion.
Emerging energy-efficiency regulations also catalyze market expansion. Minimum efficiency performance standards (MEPS) and international directives compel industrial users to transition to motors with higher efficiency ratings. Cause – effect dynamics materialize in procurement cycles extending toward lifecycle cost considerations rather than upfront price alone. Suppliers capturing compliance-certified production command superior pricing power, while buyers face reduced substitution risk.
Sector-specific industrial cycles further influence Electric Motor demand. Capital-intensive industries like chemicals, metals, and material handling maintain steady motor replacement cycles, whereas cyclical sectors such as automotive and construction introduce variability. For investors, understanding these demand rhythms is critical for capacity planning and pricing strategy formulation.
Finally, supply chain integration and modular motor design have become differentiators. Standardized components reduce time-to-market, while application-specific adaptations reinforce buyer retention. This translates into operational impact via reduced downtime and enhanced system interoperability, positioning motor suppliers as strategic partners rather than commoditized vendors.
By Type
The Electric Motor Market is structurally segmented into induction, synchronous, permanent magnet, brushless DC (BLDC), and servo motors. Induction motors account for the largest share, primarily due to proven reliability and broad industrial applicability. Permanent magnet motors, though costlier, are sustained by high-efficiency mandates and compact design requirements, particularly in mobility applications. BLDC motors experience cyclical adoption patterns in precision-driven industries, where torque control and low maintenance are paramount. Servo motors cater to robotics and automation lines, with demand closely tied to production sophistication. Switching between segments remains limited due to specialized design tolerances and integration complexity, sustaining supplier margins for high-value configurations.
By Application
Electric motors are deployed across manufacturing, transportation, construction, HVAC, consumer appliances, and industrial automation. Manufacturing applications dominate, given continuous demand for process reliability and energy optimization. Transportation, particularly electric vehicles and automated guided vehicles, represents a high-growth segment influenced by policy interventions and urban mobility trends. HVAC and appliances provide steady, volume-driven demand with moderate margins, while construction applications remain cyclical but offer premium for ruggedized, durable motors. Suppliers strategically allocate production capacity to balance volume stability with margin optimization across these applications.
By End User
End users include OEMs, industrial integrators, infrastructure developers, and aftermarket service providers. OEMs drive initial demand, emphasizing efficiency, integration, and compliance standards. Industrial integrators prioritize modularity and interoperability, reducing operational friction during assembly or retrofitting. Infrastructure developers utilize motors in high-capacity projects such as transit systems and utilities, often requiring custom engineering solutions with extended procurement cycles. Aftermarket services maintain demand stability, as replacement cycles are regulated by operational wear and industry-specific maintenance protocols. Buyer preferences favor suppliers capable of providing end-to-end technical support, creating strategic lock-in.
By Technology / Configuration
Technological segmentation encompasses AC versus DC motors, high-efficiency variants, and advanced design features such as variable frequency drives (VFD) and digital monitoring. AC motors retain dominance due to versatility and low acquisition costs. DC motors, including brushless variants, offer precision control, particularly in EVs and automation robotics. Adoption is moderated by integration complexity and upfront capital expenditure, but efficiency gains drive long-term operating cost reductions. Suppliers offering integrated smart motor solutions with predictive maintenance analytics occupy strategic advantage positions, enhancing switching friction.
By Deployment Model / Installation Type
Deployment segmentation differentiates between standalone motors, integrated drive systems, and modular plug-and-play units. Standalone motors are prevalent in traditional industrial setups, while integrated systems increasingly dominate automated lines where space and synchronization are critical. Modular configurations support rapid deployment in retrofit projects or flexible manufacturing cells. Strategic implications for investors and suppliers revolve around value-added engineering services and lifecycle support agreements, which extend revenue visibility beyond initial equipment sales.
By Capacity / Size / Grade
Capacity-based segmentation includes fractional horsepower, standard industrial range, and high-capacity industrial motors. Fractional horsepower motors are largely cost-driven and deployed in consumer appliances, contributing over one-third of demand by volume. Standard industrial motors cater to mid-range manufacturing and automation, balancing unit margins with procurement predictability. High-capacity motors are specialized, commanding premium pricing due to complex engineering requirements and long replacement cycles. Supplier strategy is guided by balancing high-volume, lower-margin segments with specialized, high-margin deployments.
Strategic Market Snapshot
The Electric Motor Market exhibits moderate maturity with pockets of disruption. Pricing power varies by segment, with high-efficiency and specialty configurations commanding premiums. Demand stability is reinforced in manufacturing and infrastructure, while transportation and construction introduce cyclical exposure. Buyer power is concentrated among OEMs and integrators who influence specification standards, whereas suppliers with proprietary technology or compliance-certified products maintain strong leverage.
Value Chain, Cost Structure & Procurement Intelligence
Raw material sensitivity, particularly to copper, steel, and rare-earth magnets, directly impacts production economics. Energy costs influence manufacturing scalability and margin sustainability. Procurement cycles are typically multi-year for OEMs and infrastructure projects, while integrators may operate on shorter, project-based tenures. Switching friction arises from integration complexity, proprietary designs, and compliance certification, establishing critical supplier relationship breakpoints that define long-term contractual dependencies.
Market Restraints & Regulatory Challenges
Margin compression is a persistent concern due to commodity price volatility and capital-intensive production. Compliance burdens, including global efficiency standards and safety certifications, add operational overhead. Operational risks encompass supply chain disruptions, material shortages, and technological obsolescence. Strategic consequences include delayed deployment, increased procurement costs, and a heightened focus on supplier risk management, underscoring the need for proactive regulatory intelligence and strategic sourcing.
Market Opportunities & Outlook (2026 – 2035)
Opportunities are concentrated in high-efficiency motors for mobility and automation, integration of digital monitoring, and expansion into retrofit applications. Qualitative CAGR logic reflects continued energy policy alignment, infrastructure investment, and industrial modernization. Region – application linkages highlight Asia Pacific’s dominance in manufacturing and mobility electrification, while North America and Europe prioritize energy compliance and automation. Volume versus margin trade-offs necessitate portfolio strategies that balance mass-market adoption with high-margin, specialized deployments.
Regional & Country-Level Strategic Insights
Asia Pacific accounted for the largest share of the Electric Motor Market in 2025, driven by industrial concentration and rapid electrification in transport. North America remains strategic for high-efficiency and digitally monitored motors, while Europe focuses on regulatory-aligned applications. Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa exhibit opportunistic adoption in infrastructure and energy projects. Country-level dynamics are relevant primarily for regulatory alignment, manufacturing scale, and logistics optimization.
Technology, Innovation & Derivative Trends
Efficiency enhancements, reduction in energy losses, and compliance with emission standards dominate innovation priorities. Specialty motor configurations, including high-torque compact designs and integrated smart drives, expand downstream linkages into robotics, EVs, and industrial automation. Digital monitoring and predictive maintenance integration extend product life and reduce operational risk, reinforcing supplier differentiation and reducing substitution pressure.
Competitive Landscape Overview
Market structure is moderately fragmented with consolidation evident in high-capital and high-technology segments. Competition centers on technological differentiation, compliance adherence, and integration capability. Suppliers with proprietary designs or advanced digital monitoring tools occupy premium positioning, while standardized motor producers compete on cost efficiency and operational reliability. Strategic positioning for investors involves monitoring innovation pipelines and contractual alignment with large-scale industrial and mobility projects.
Key Players
- Siemens AG
- ABB Group
- Nidec Corporation
- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- WEG Industries
- Regal Rexnord Corporation
- Johnson Electric
- Yaskawa Electric Corporation
- Maxon Group
- TMEIC Corporation
- Baldor Electric Company
- Franklin Electric
- Eaton Corporation
- ElectroCraft
- Pelonis Technologies
Recent Developments
In 2026, JSW MG Motor, a joint venture between SAIC Motor and JSW Group, announced a substantial investment of USD 330 million 440 million to expand manufacturing capacity and launch 3 – 4 new hybrid and electric vehicle models, indicating deeper integration of electric motor systems in automotive production and a strategic shift toward localized sourcing to reduce cost pressures.
In 2025, the Formula E Gen4 electric racing platform was unveiled with new all-wheel-drive electric motors designed to set performance and sustainability benchmarks for high-power electric propulsion, potentially influencing competitive electric motor architectures beyond motorsport into mainstream high-performance applications.
In November 2025, Honda debuted it’s WN7 electric motorcycle platform at EICMA 2025, featuring a newly developed liquid-cooled electric motor with integrated inverter and fast-charging capability, signalling broader adoption of advanced motor systems in two-wheeler electrification.
In 2025, advanced electric motor solutions, including magnet-free architectures and ultra-high efficiency prototypes with 750 kW peak performance, were announced by British manufacturers pursuing compact, high-density designs, foreshadowing shifts in EV traction motor performance benchmarks and supply chain diversification away from rare-earth dependency.
In 2025, modular e-powertrain systems integrating electric motor, inverter, and control software were introduced by major OEM suppliers, emphasising weight reduction and thermal efficiency improvements, which are likely to alter component sourcing models and accelerate integrated drivetrain adoption across vehicle segments.
In 2025, European electric motor producers unveiled second-generation magnet-free motors tailored for heavy-du